After decades of effort, physicists may finally be closing in on a unified theory that combines gravity with the other fundamental forces—electromagnetism and the strong and weak nuclear forces. For generations, scientists have sought to reconcile the apparent incompatibility between quantum field theory and Einstein’s general relativity, two pillars of modern physics that operate in vastly different domains.

Now, researchers at Aalto University have proposed a new quantum theory of gravity that aligns with the Standard Model of particle physics. This breakthrough could deepen our understanding of the universe’s origins and the extreme environments near black holes and during the Big Bang.

Although theoretical physics may appear distant from everyday life, such foundational discoveries often yield transformative technologies. The Global Positioning System (GPS), for example, would not function without the insights of Einstein’s gravity theory.

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Physicists Mikko Partanen and Jukka Tulkki presented their theory in the journal Reports on Progress in Physics. Partanen anticipates that their work could soon lead to major advances in understanding the universe. "If this leads to a complete quantum field theory of gravity," he says, "it could ultimately help explain phenomena like black hole singularities and the origin of the universe itself."

While some call such a framework a “theory of everything,” Partanen prefers a more cautious tone. Many fundamental mysteries remain, such as why the universe contains more matter than antimatter.

A central challenge has been developing a gauge theory of gravity—one that models gravity in the same mathematical language used to describe the other forces in the Standard Model. In a gauge theory, particles interact through fields; electromagnetism, for example, operates through the electromagnetic field. The new theory proposes that particles with energy interact via a gravitational field in a similar manner.

“The idea is to construct a gravity gauge theory with symmetries akin to those in the Standard Model,” explains Partanen. “This contrasts with general relativity, which is based on a very different kind of spacetime symmetry.”

Until now, the absence of a compatible gauge theory of gravity has kept quantum mechanics and general relativity from being reconciled. Quantum theory governs the subatomic realm with remarkable accuracy, while general relativity explains gravitational phenomena across the cosmos. But these two frameworks have never worked together seamlessly.

Because gravitational effects are typically weak, extremely precise observations are needed to explore true quantum gravity phenomena—especially in extreme conditions such as black holes or the early moments after the Big Bang, where classical physics breaks down.

Driven by a long-standing interest in fundamental questions, Partanen developed a symmetry-based approach to gravity and refined the concept with Tulkki. Their theory may herald a new era of scientific understanding—one that could rival the revolutionary impact of past breakthroughs in physics.